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Bermudo (or Vermudo) II (c. 953 – September 999), called the Gouty ((スペイン語:el Gotoso)), was first a rival king in Galicia (982–984) and then king of the entire Kingdom of León (984–999). His reign is summed up by Justo Pérez de Urbel's description of him as "the poor king tormented in life by the sword of Almanzor and in death by the vengeful pen of a bishop," Pelagius of Oviedo (died 1153), half of whose ''Chronicon'' covers the reign of Bermudo and is highly critical of the king.〔José-Luis Martín (1965), "Pelayo Rodríguez, obispo de Santiago (977–985)", ''Anuario de los estudios medievales'', 2, 474 n47: ''el pobre rey atormentado en la vida por la espada de Almanzor y en muerte por la pluma vengadora de un obispo''.〕 He accuses Bermudo of imprisoning Bishop Gudesteus of Oviedo in the 990s and blames the attacks of Almanzor on Bermudo's sins.〔Simon Barton and Richard A. Fletcher (2000), The World of El Cid: Chronicles of the Spanish Reconquest (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 72–73.〕 ==Reign== In 982 the Galician nobility proclaimed Bermudo, a son of former king Ordoño (probably Ordoño III), as king in opposition to his cousin Ramiro III. This usurpation is usually seen as the extension of ongoing succession crises begun in the 950s. At the time of the usurpation Bermudo II's faction was led by Gonzalo Menéndez and that of Ramiro III by Rodrigo Velázquez. Bermudo was crowned in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela on 15 October 982. It is probable that two episcopal opponents of his coronation—Rodrigo's son Pelayo, then bishop of Santiago, and Arias Peláez, bishop of Mondoñedo—were exiled from their sees to the monasteries of Celanova and San Martín de Lalín, respectively, at this time.〔Emilio Sáez Sánchez (1946), "Notas al episcopologio minduniense del siglo X", ''Hispania'', 6(22), 47–8 n180.〕 Because his support was limited and regional Bermudo required the protection of the Caliphate of Córdoba. There was much unrest in Castile in his early years and the Cordoban armies of Almanzor came, not as allies, but as conquerors.〔J. M. Ruiz Asencio (1968), "Campañas de Almanzor contra el reino de León (981–986)", ''Anuario de estudios medievales'', 5, 31–64.〕 Between November 991 and September 992 Vermudo was expelled from the kingdom by a revolt led by the magnates Gonzalo Vermúdez, Munio Fernández, and count Pelayo Rodríguez. He was soon restored and reconciled to the discontents.〔Jaime de Salazar y Acha (1989), "El conde Fernando Peláez, un rebelde leonés del siglo XI", ''Anuario de estudios medievales'', 19, 87-97.〕 On 8 August 994 Bermudo gave the village of Veiga to the monastery of Celanova, the village having been built by Suario Gundemárez on land illegally appropriated from the monastery. Suario took refuge there during his later rebellion.〔Antonio Palomeque Torres (1948), "Episcopologio de la Sede de Oviedo durante el siglo X", ''Hispania sacra'', 1:2, 295.〕 On 23 August that year the village of Morella was granted to abbot Salvato of Celanova after it was confiscated because the murder of Fortún Velázquez had taken place there. Bermudo eventually succeeded in recovering Zamora from the Muslims, but did not succeed in expelling them totally until 987. This brought on the reprisals of Almanzor, who set out to destroy Coimbra. After the latter besieged and razed the city of León, Bermudo took refuge in Zamora. The Muslims continued their conquests, taking Astorga (996) and sacking Santiago de Compostela (997). In 999, the gout from which he suffered was aggravated and it became impossible for him to ride a horse. Military leader of Christians of northwestern Spain, he subsequently travelled by litter. Later that same year he died in Villanueva del Bierzo and was buried in the Monastery of Carracedo. Later, his remains were transferred to the Basilica of San Isidoro. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bermudo II of León」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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